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Teaching career specialties include traditional subject instruction, counseling, and educational administration.

Counseling

School counselors work with students as advocates as well as to foster their personal, social, academic, and career development by establishing realistic goals. Counselors help students choose colleges or technical schools, as well as assist with applications, exams, and career planning. College counselors may assist students with major planning and career development.

Education Administration

Education administrators provide leadership as well as manage the daily activities in schools of all levels, from preschools to colleges. They establish policy and procedures to meet curriculum standards and general goals. They also supervise school faculty and employees, train teachers, develop programs, ensure academic progress, prepare budgets, and handle public relations.

Elementary

Elementary school teachers work with students in grades 1-5 and generally teach one group of students a broad range of subjects, though some elementary teachers specialize in one area, such as reading, math, art, or music.

Kindergarten

Kindergarten teachers instruct students in numbers, science, letter recognition, and phonics, and employ play, games, and other methods to provide students general academic awareness.

Librarian

School librarians, often referred to as school media specialists, work with teachers to prepare materials for use in the classroom and curriculum development. They also sometimes teach.

Middle School

Middle school teachers work with students in grades 6-8, while secondary teachers work with students in grades 9-12. Middle and secondary teachers specialize in a subject area, such as:

Arts – Specializations in art, music, or theater
Civics/Government
English/Language arts
Foreign languages
Math
Physical education/Health
Science – Specific specializations might include earth science, biology, chemistry, or physics
Social studies – Specializations may include United States or world history and geography
Post-secondary

Post-secondary teachers cover a wide range of subjects leading to advanced degrees and/or personal development opportunities in colleges, universities, vocational/technical institutions, and professional schools. They also may perform research and consulting services, as well as supervise the work of teaching assistants and graduate students.

Preschool

Preschool teachers work with children to enhance their vocabulary and language development and social skills. They also introduce ideas of science and math and encourage creative activities and play.

Special Education

Special education teachers work with children who have disabilities and modify curricula to meet the individual needs of students.

Teaching Assistants

Teaching assistants, also called teacher aides, paraeducators, paraprofessionals, or instructional aides, support classroom teachers by providing individual tutoring to students, recording grades, preparing instructional materials, and handling equipment.

Vocational

Vocational teachers provide specialized instruction in career fields, such as technology, business, autos, and healthcare.

The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world, and the world's second-oldest surviving university.It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".

The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions.All the colleges are self-governing institutions as part of the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it does not have a main campus; instead, all the buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the metropolitan centre.

Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the self-governing colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments. Oxford is the home of several notable scholarships, including the Clarendon Scholarship which was launched in 2001 and the Rhodes Scholarship which has brought graduate students to read at the university for more than a century.The university operates the largest university press in the world[12] and the largest academic library system in the United Kingdom.[13] Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 27 Nobel laureates, 26 British prime ministers (most recently David Cameron, the incumbent) and many foreign heads of state.
Contents  [hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding
1.2 Renaissance period
1.3 Modern period
1.4 Women's education
2 Buildings and sites
2.1 Main sites
2.2 Parks
3 Organisation
3.1 Central governance
3.2 Colleges
3.3 Finances
3.4 Affiliations
4 Academic profile
4.1 Admission
4.2 Teaching and degrees
4.3 Scholarships and financial support
4.4 Libraries
4.5 Museums
4.6 Publishing
4.7 Rankings and reputation
5 Student life
5.1 Traditions
5.2 Clubs and societies
5.3 OUSU and Common Rooms
6 Notable alumni
6.1 Politics
6.2 Mathematics and sciences
6.3 Literature, music, and drama
6.4 Religion
6.5 Philosophy
6.6 Sport
6.7 Adventure and exploration
7 Oxford in literature and other media
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Notes
9.2 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Oxford
Founding[edit]

Balliol College – one of the university's oldest constituent colleges
The University of Oxford has no known foundation date.[15] Teaching at Oxford existed in some form in 1096, but it is unclear at what point a university came into being.[1] It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris.[1] The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university was named a chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231. The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.[16]

After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge.[7][17]


Aerial view of Merton College's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378.

In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls. (North is at the bottom on this map.)
The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two "nations", representing the North (Northern or Boreales, which included the English people north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (Southern or Australes, which included English people south of the Trent, the Irish, and the Welsh).[18][19] In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. In addition to this, members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence, and maintained houses or halls for students.[20] At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges to serve as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College,[20] and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name.[18] Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;[21][22] Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,[23] as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students forsook living in halls and religious houses in favour of living in colleges

In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in western European countries

The California Institute of Technology or Caltech[6] is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. Although founded as a preparatory and vocational school by Amos G. Throop in 1891, the college attracted influential scientists such as George Ellery Hale, Arthur Amos Noyes, and Robert Andrews Millikan in the early 20th century. The vocational and preparatory schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910, and the college assumed its present name in 1921. In 1934, Caltech was elected to the Association of American Universities, and the antecedents of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which Caltech continues to manage and operate, were established between 1936 and 1943 under Theodore von Kármán. The university is one among a small group of Institutes of Technology in the United States which tends to be primarily devoted to the instruction of technical arts and applied sciences.

Caltech has six academic divisions with strong emphasis on science and engineering, managing $332 million in 2011 in sponsored research. Its 124-acre (50 ha) primary campus is located approximately 11 mi (18 km) northeast of downtown Los Angeles. First year students are required to live on campus, and 95% of undergraduates remain in the on-campus house system. Although Caltech has a strong tradition of practical jokes and pranks,student life is governed by an honor code which allows faculty to assign take-home examinations. The Caltech Beavers compete in 13 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division III's Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

Caltech is frequently cited as one of the world's best universities.Despite its small size, 33 Caltech alumni and faculty have won a total of 34 Nobel Prizes (Linus Pauling being the only individual in history to win two unshared prizes) and 71 have won the United States National Medal of Science or Technology. There are 112 faculty members who have been elected to the National Academies. In addition, numerous faculty members are associated with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute as well as NASA.

Contents  [hide]
1 History
1.1 Throop College
1.2 World Wars
1.3 Post-war growth
1.4 21st century
2 Campus
3 Organization and administration
4 Academics
4.1 Admissions
4.2 Tuition and financial aid
4.3 Undergraduate program
4.4 Graduate program
5 Research
6 Student life
6.1 House system
6.2 Athletics
6.3 Performing and visual arts
6.4 Student life traditions
6.4.1 Annual events
6.4.2 Pranks
6.4.2.1 Rivalry with MIT
6.4.3 Honor code
7 People
7.1 Students
7.2 Faculty and staff
7.3 Alumni
7.4 Presidents
8 Caltech startups
9 In media and popular culture
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Throop College[edit]

Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pasadena, Calif, 1908, on its original campus at downtown Pasadena.
Caltech started as a vocational school founded in Pasadena in 1891 by local businessman and politician Amos G. Throop. The school was known successively as Throop University, Throop Polytechnic Institute (and Manual Training School), and Throop College of Technology, before acquiring its current name in 1920. The vocational school was disbanded and the preparatory program was split off to form an independent Polytechnic School in 1907.

At a time when scientific research in the United States was still in its infancy, George Ellery Hale, a solar astronomer from the University of Chicago, founded the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1904. He joined Throop's board of trustees in 1907, and soon began developing it and the whole of Pasadena into a major scientific and cultural destination. He engineered the appointment of James A. B. Scherer, a literary scholar untutored in science but a capable administrator and fund raiser, to Throop's presidency in 1908. Scherer persuaded retired businessman and trustee Charles W. Gates to donate $25,000 in seed money to build Gates Laboratory, the first science building on campus.

World Wars[edit]

Throop Hall, 1912
In 1910, Throop moved to its current site. Arther Fleming donated the land for the permanent campus site. Theodore Roosevelt delivered an address at Throop Institute on March 21, 1911, and he declared:

I want to see institutions like Throop turn out perhaps ninety-nine of every hundred students as men who are to do given pieces of industrial work better than any one else can do them; I want to see those men do the kind of work that is now being done on the Panama Canal and on the great irrigation projects in the interior of this country—and the one-hundredth man I want to see with the kind of cultural scientific training that will make him and his fellows the matrix out of which you can occasionally develop a man like your great astronomer, George Ellery Hale.

In the same year, a bill was introduced in the California Legislature calling for the establishment of a publicly funded "California Institute of Technology," with an initial budget of a million dollars, ten times the budget of Throop at the time. The board of trustees offered to turn Throop over to the state, but the presidents of Stanford University and the University of California successfully lobbied to defeat the bill, which allowed Throop to develop as the only scientific research-oriented education institute in southern California, public or private, until the onset of the World War II necessitated the broader development of research-based science education. The promise of Throop attracted physical chemist Arthur Amos Noyes from MIT to develop the institution and assist in establishing it as a center for science and technology.

With the onset of World War I, Hale organized the National Research Council to coordinate and support scientific work on military problems. While he supported the idea of federal appropriations for science, he took exception to a federal bill that would have funded engineering research at land-grant colleges, and instead sought to raise a $1 million national research fund entirely from private sources. To that end, as Hale wrote in The New York Times:

Throop College of Technology, in Pasadena California has recently afforded a striking illustration of one way in which the Research Council can secure co-operation and advance scientific investigation. This institution, with its able investigators and excellent research laboratories, could be of great service in any broad scheme of cooperation. President Scherer, hearing of the formation of the council, immediately offered to take part in its work, and with this object, he secured within three days an additional research endowment of one hundred thousand dollars.

Through the National Research Council, Hale simultaneously lobbied for science to play a larger role in national affairs, and for Throop to play a national role in science. The new funds were designated for physics research, and ultimately led to the establishment of the Norman Bridge Laboratory, which attracted experimental physicist Robert Andrews Millikan from the University of Chicago in 1917.[19] During the course of the war, Hale, Noyes and Millikan worked together in Washington on the NRC. Subsequently, they continued their partnership in developing Caltech