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Belhaven University ("Belhaven" or "BU") is a private Christian liberal arts university located in Jackson, Mississippi. Founded by Dr. Lewis Fitzhugh and later donated to the Presbyterian Church in the United States, the school has been independently run by a Board of Trustees since 1972. Belhaven is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award Associate, Baccalaureate, and master's degrees. Twenty-seven Bachelor's Degrees and eight Master's Degrees are offered. In addition to traditional majors, programs of general studies are available. There are also pre-professional programs in Christian Ministry, Medicine, Dentistry, Law, and Nursing.

Belhaven maintains satellite campuses for graduate and undergraduate studies in Atlanta, Georgia, Houston, Texas, Memphis, Tennessee and Orlando, Florida, and also conducts online programs.

Belhaven teaches from a "Christian Worldview Curriculum" and defines its mission as preparing "students academically and spiritually to serve Jesus Christ in their careers, in human relationships, and in the world of ideas.

Vermont College of Fine Arts (VCFA) is a graduate-level college in Montpelier, Vermont. VCFA is a national center for graduate fine arts education with a unique practice-based learning model, internationally renowned faculty, and a range of delivery models — including low residency, intensive conference retreats, and fully residential programs. VCFA educates emerging and established artists through the offering of six low residency Master of Fine Arts degrees in the following fields: Writing, Writing for Children & Young Adults, Visual Art, Music Composition, Graphic Design and Film; a residential Master of Fine Arts degree in Writing and Publishing; low residency Master of Arts in Teaching in Art and Design Education; and a low residency Master of Arts in Art and Design Education. Its faculty includes Pulitzer Prize finalists, National Book Award winners, Newbery Medal honorees, Guggenheim Fellowship and Fulbright Program fellows, and Ford Foundation grant recipients.

Carrington College is a network of for-profit private colleges. Established in 1967, the college is based out of Sacramento, California and has 18 locations throughout the Western United States. Carrington College has a student enrollment of over 7,300 and 90,000 alumni.[1]

Carrington College offers career training in medical, dental, veterinary, and criminal justice fields. The company is a division of DeVry Education Group.[2]

The school's colors are blue and gold and the Carrington College mascots are two animated birds named Blue and Goldie
   
                                     The institution was originally founded in 1967 in Sacramento, California, as the Northwest College of Medical Assistants and Dental Assistants. The college was established to meet the education needs of the local healthcare community.

In 1969, the College was purchased and underwent its first name change, to "Western College of Allied Health Careers – A Bryman School." The Education Corporation of America ("EdCOA, Inc.") purchased the college in 1983 and changed its name to Western Career College (WCC). In 1986, WCC opened a second campus in the Bayfair Center in San Leandro, California. The third campus opened in 1997 in Pleasant Hill, California.[5]

WCC earned regional accreditation by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in June 2001.

In December 2003, U.S. Education Corporation, a California-based company, acquired Western Career College. The U.S. Education Corporation also acquired Apollo College, which was founded by Margaret M Carlson in 1975 in Phoenix, Arizona to prepare graduates for careers in skilled professions. The U.S. Education Corporation was led by president and chief executive officer George Montgomery from 2002 to 2011. The college expanded in August 2005 by incorporating the operations and programs of Silicon Valley College (SVC).

In September 2008, U.S. Education Corporation became a division of DeVry Inc. In 2010, Western Career College changed its name to Carrington College California and Apollo College changed its name to Carrington College.

President Montgomery retired at the end of 2011 and was succeeded as president of the group by Robert Paul, DeVry University's vice president for metro operations. In 2012, under Paul's leadership, the institution's mascots, Blue and Goldie, were developed. In 2014, Paul succeeded David Pauldine as president of DeVry University and was succeeded as president of Carrington College Group by Jeff Akens. Previously, Akens had served as president of Carrington College California from 2007 to 2014 and had been with the institution since 1993.

In 2014, Carrington College California received approval under the ACCJC/WASC accreditation to add the Carrington College campuses to its existing network, resulting in one consolidated institution called Carrington College.
                               

Western Governors University (WGU) is a private, nonprofit, online American university based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The university was founded by 19 U.S. governors in 1997 after the idea was formulated at a 1995 meeting of the Western Governors Association. The university uses a competency-based learning model, with students working online. Robert Mendenhall is the current university president. Its accreditation is through the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities.

                                                                History
Western Governors University Administration Building in Salt Lake City, Utah

WGU was officially founded in 1997 in the United States by the governors of 19 U.S. states. It was first proposed by then-governor of Utah Mike Leavitt at the annual meeting of the Western Governors Association in June 1995. It was formally proposed the following November and officially founded in June 1996, with each signing state governor committing $100,000 toward the launch of the new competency-based university. While the seed money was provided from government sources, the school was to be established as a self-supporting private, nonprofit institution. In January 1997, 13 governors were on hand to sign the articles of incorporation formally beginning the new university.

In 2001, the United States Department of Education awarded $10 million to found the Teachers College, and the first programs were offered in Information Technology. In 2003, the university became the first school to be accredited in four different regions by the Interregional Accrediting Committee. In 2006, the fourth college, the College of Health Professions, was founded, and the school's Teachers College became the first online teacher-preparation program to receive NCATE accreditation. In 2010, the first state-established offshoot WGU Indiana, was founded by Mitch Daniels, governor of Indiana, and the school reached 20,000 students for the first time. In 2011, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $4.5 million for WGU Indiana and the creation of WGU Texas and WGU Washington.

On January 8, 2013, Bill Haslam, governor of Tennessee, announced the creation of the state-affiliated WGU Tennessee. On January 28, 2013, Governor Jay Nixon of Missouri, in his annual State of the State address, announced the founding of WGU Missouri, creating the fifth state-affiliated campus. And on June 16, 2015, Governor Brian Sandoval of Nevada launched WGU Nevada, the sixth state-based WGU. The state-affiliated offshoots of WGU share the same academic model, faculty, services, accreditation, tuition, and curricula as WGU and were established to give official state endorsement and increased name recognition to WGU in those states; however, WGU has students and graduates in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. territories, parts of Canada, and on U.S. military bases worldwide.

As of July 2015, the university had grown to nearly 60,000 currently enrolled students and more than 50,000 graduates.

The University of Texas at Arlington (UT Arlington or UTA) is a state university located in Arlington, Texas. The campus is situated southwest of downtown Arlington, and is located in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area. The university was founded in 1895 and served primarily as a military academy during the early 20th century. After several decades in the Texas A&M University System, the institution joined The University of Texas System in 1965. In the fall of 2014, UTA reached a student population of nearly 35,000, a gain of 65% from autumn 2001, and is the second-largest institution within the UT System. UTA is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a "High Research Activity" institution and named one of the fastest growing public research universities in the nation. The university offers 80 baccalaureate, 74 masters, and 31 doctoral degree

The university operates the Fort Worth Education Center in downtown Fort Worth and the UTA Research Institute in River Bend Par in eastern Fort Worth.

Contents

    1 History
        1.1 Establishment (1895–1916)
        1.2 Texas A&M University System (1917–1965)
        1.3 University of Texas System (1965–present)
    2 Campus
        2.1 Surroundings
        2.2 Architecture
    3 Academic profile
        3.1 Colleges and schools
        3.2 The Library
        3.3 Research and facility
    4 Student life
        4.1 Student profile
        4.2 Residential life
        4.3 Traditions
        4.4 Greek life
        4.5 UTA Cheer
    5 Athletics
        5.1 Varsity sports
        5.2 Sports rivalries
    6 Notable people
        6.1 University leaders
        6.2 Students
    7 See also
    8 Notes
    9 References
    10 External links

Concordia University (commonly referred to as Concordia) is a Canadian public comprehensive university with campuses and facilities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Founded in 1974 following the merger of Loyola College and Sir George Williams University, Concordia is one of the two universities in Montreal where English is the primary language of instruction. As of the 2011-2012 academic year, there were 45,954 students enrolled at Concordia, making the university among the largest in Canada by enrollment. The university has two campuses, set approximately seven km apart: Sir George Williams Campus in the downtown core of Montreal, in an area known as Quartier Concordia and Loyola Campus in the residential district of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. With four faculties, a school of graduate studies and numerous colleges, centres and institutes, Concordia offers over 300 undergraduate and 100 graduate programs and courses.

The university was ranked 11th among Canada's comprehensive universities in the Maclean's 24th annual rankings.[9] Internationally, Concordia was ranked 461-470th overall in the 2014 QS World University Rankings and is also included in Times Higher Education's list of the top 100 universities worldwide under 50 years old.[10] Nationally, the 2012 Higher Education Strategy Associates' University Rankings placed Concordia 9th in the field of social science and 20th in science and engineering. The university's John Molson School of Business is consistently ranked within the top ten Canadian business schools, and within the top 100 worldwide. Furthermore, Concordia was ranked 7th among Canadian and 229th among world universities in the International Professional Classification of Higher Education Institutions, a worldwide ranking compiled by the École des Mines de Paris that uses as its sole criterion the number of graduates occupying the rank of Chief Executive Officer at Fortune 500 companies.

Concordia is a non-sectarian and coeducational institution, with over 175,000 living alumni worldwide. The University is a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, the International Association of Universities, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Canadian Association of Research Libraries, the Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate as well as the Canadian Bureau for International Education and the Canadian University Press. The university's varsity teams, known as the Stingers, compete in the Quebec Student Sport Federation of Canadian Interuniversity Sport.

In a lawsuit filed last October and advancing now, 37 California school districts are being challenged to prove that their students are getting adequate amounts of physical fitness during the school day.
The lawsuit, filed in San Francisco County Superior Court on behalf of Cal200, an organization for elementary school physical fitness headed by parent Marc Babin, claimed that the districts were “routinely ignoring the law,” specifically pointing out Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD).

    “School districts have been routinely ignoring the law,” Driscoll said. And the Los Angeles Unified School District, the state’s largest, “has been a particular offender. They give lip service to the idea that P.E. is important. That just plain doesn’t work. What that produces is kids who don’t get enough exercise.”

Physical education teachers in the districts under fire are being asked to show lesson plans that prove they are meeting state guidelines.  The lesson plans will offer schedules pertaining to instruction, activities and classes.  The records will then be compared to information submitted by education officials stating the number of hours in which students have completed physical education classes.
According to state law,students from kindergarten through sixth grade are required 200 minutes of physical education for every 10 days of class time, less than half an hour a day.  This time is in addition to lunch and recess times.
Court documents suggest that for at least LAUSD, the “allegations have already been rectified,” writes Sara Hayden for The Los Angeles Times.
Chad Fenwick, district advisor for elementary physical education for LA Unified, said the program has seen improvement since he came on board in 2004.

    “We’re an extremely large district, the second largest in the nation. To have everything perfect all at once, it takes time. We did have problems, but we’ve made huge gains,” Fenwick said. “It’s not an easy task. We’ve been taking a systematic approach and it’s working.”

When Fenwick started, aides, offering “glorified recess”, which did not train students about proper fitness at all, were teaching some of the PE classes.  Today, the district puts aside $1.7 million of its funding to send instructors to train teachers.  Schools also post their PE activities online in order to ensure they are held more accountable.

    “Schools just have many competing priorities,” Mariah Lafleur, one of the authors of the study, said. “But we think allotting the time for P.E. will, as a side benefit, improve students’ attention spans and behavior so they’re able to be well-balanced kids.”

Lafleur also mentioned that due to safety concerns, many children in the area do not get the opportunity to play outside at home.

    “It might be the only chance they have to be active in their day,” Lafleur said.

LAUSD is making an effort to bring down childhood obesity rates in its district.  In 2005, 42.6% of students were obese.  That number dropped to 41.6% by 2010, due to an increase in healthy lunch choices and elimination of sodas and flavored milk.
Meanwhile in other states, such as South Dakota, the standards for PE classes are on the rise.  The state is in the process of revising the physical education standards, asking that students in each grade level master specific tasks, such as dribbling a basketball.

The Department for Education has introduced new rules that give Michael Gove the power to close free schools and academies with governors who do not demonstrate "fundamental British values".
The Muslim Council of Britain said that the new clauses inserted into the model funding agreement with free schools would make it very difficult for conservative Muslims to become governors. It warned that the change would hand the education secretary the power to interpret "British values" as he sees fit.
The document sets out a written definition for the first time of the "British values" Gove is saying must be promoted by schools, in response to the "Trojan horse" allegations that academies in Birmingham were under the influence of Muslim extremists.
It stipulates that the education secretary can close a school or dismiss a governor if he or she is "unsuitable" due to conduct "aimed at undermining the fundamental British values of democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs".

 With the shift to the common standards and recent history of low student-achievement results as catalysts, education leaders in New York state are pushing a new agenda for English-language learners that calls for more accountability for their needs and more opportunities for rigorous bilingual and dual-language instruction
Called the Blueprint for English-Language Learners Success, the document was approved by the state board of regents this spring. It outlines priorities and expectations for how districts across New York are to provide instruction and support for English-learners in public schools. Among them: that all teachers, regardless of grade level or content expertise, should consider themselves teachers of English-learners; and that school leaders at all levels—including principals and superintendents—are responsible for the academic, linguistic, social, and emotional needs of ELLs.
"I think this document positions our state education department to break new ground by saying that English-learners are no longer a minority in our districts for the [English-as-a-second-language] and bilingual education teachers to focus on," said Catalina R. Fortino, a vice president of New York State United Teachers.
The blueprint—a sweeping, perhaps first-of-its-kind statement from state policymakers on the needs of English-learners—also directs districts and schools to provide opportunities for students whose first language is not English to participate in language-learning programs that not only lead to fluency in English, but also to full literacy in their home languages.
"We feel very strong about this direction for our English-learners," said Angelica Infante, the associate commissioner for the office of bilingual education and foreign-language services in the New York state education department. "We want this blueprint to guide the field and be blunt about what our expectations are for English-learners."
New York's K-12 public schools enroll nearly 215,000 English-learners of a total of 2.6 million students, a population that grows larger and more diverse each year, said Ms. Infante. Though the largest share of ELLs is spread among the state's five largest districts—Buffalo, New York City, Rochester, Syracuse, and Yonkers—suburban and rural districts are seeing increasing numbers of immigrant families and their children.
Lagging Behind
Some of the state's biggest achievement gaps are between students who are not yet proficient in English and other student groups. For example, 34.3 percent of English-learners who entered the 9th grade in 2008 graduated from high school four years later, the lowest rate of any other major student subgroup.
To address that weak performance, John B. King Jr., the state's education commissioner, last year created the post of associate commissioner and tapped Ms. Infante to fill it. Unlike the more contentious education policies Mr. King has championed—such as common-core-aligned assessments and teacher evaluations tied in part to student performance—his push for improved instruction and supports for ELLs has so far brought consensus among advocates, professional educator groups, and the statewide teachers' union, most of whom helped craft the blueprint, said Susanne Marcus, the president of New York State Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, or NYS TESOL.
"Since the common-core learning standards came out, a lot of ESL and bilingual teachers were very concerned that our students would be an afterthought," Ms. Marcus said. "But the work we've done on the blueprint has ensured that those of us who know these students best get to help guide districts and schools around the state about how they can move English-learners to a place where they not only become fully proficient in English and in the content standards, but also have their social and emotional needs met."
Plans to Add 'Teeth'
The blueprint is a guiding document that has little enforcement behind it now, but Ms. Infante said the education agency is pushing to "put some teeth behind this" and is pursuing more resources to support districts putting the principles into practice.
It calls for teachers, principals, superintendents, and school board members to set high expectations for the academic performance of ELLs and also for their socioemotional development and to back those up with action plans. To do that, the blueprint includes finer points for districts to follow, including tapping ESL and bilingual education teachers to provide professional development to their peers and supervisors about ELLs' needs.
It also outlines steps for districts and schools to follow to make family members—including those who are not proficient in English themselves—involved in their children's education. That includes providing resources in languages they understand.

Nancy Villarreal de Adler, the executive director of the New York State Association for Bilingual Education, said that particular piece signals a major shift in recognition of students' home languages.One of the blueprint's most significant directives is its call for local educators to "recognize that bilingualism and biliteracy are assets."
"This is a recognition of the linguistic and cultural wealth that these children have," she said. "And the vision for them is not only to become fluent and literate in English, but to complete rigorous language programs that make them fully biliterate in English and their home language.

 Oregon State University will be offering its first massive open online course (MOOC) this fall.
The eight-week course, titled Supporting English Language Learners under New Standards, will help teachers in the efforts to help English language learners be successful in the midst of new standards.
K-12 teachers taking the free course will work together, gathering and analyzing real-world language samples from their own classrooms.  These samples will allow educators to write new curriculum, helping these students to better learn and meet the standards.
While offered at Oregon State University, the course is open to K-12 teachers in all states, and may be especially relevant to those teachers in the ELPA21 consortium (11 states which are creating an assessment system for English Language Learners based on the new standards). The ELPA21 consortium consists of Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, Washington, and West Virginia.

    “This will help us learn first-hand about this type of teaching platform, and identify how and where MOOCs fit in our learning ecosystem,” said Provost and Executive Vice President Sabah Randhawa. “It’s important to be open to new possibilities, and flexible and adaptable to new learning paradigms, including the MOOC learning format.”

MOOC courses have been the topic of debate in terms of their usefulness in the learning process.  While some believe they will never be as successful as face-to-face learning, others praise their ability to bring technology and learning together.
The Campaign for the Future of Higher Education is concerned that these courses do not offer as much support to its students as the traditional in-person courses do.
Anant Agarwal, chief executive officer for edX answered critics with this statement:

    “We are literally giving away our platform for free. At edX, we are focused on people not profit, and we welcome all points of view and dialogue about promoting the advancement of education both online and on campus,”

EdX was founded in 2012 through a partnership of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. According to the company’s About page, there are currently 53 schools, nonprofits, corporations, and international organizations that offer or plan to offer courses on the edX website.
Oregon State is partnering with Stanford University, the Oregon Department of Education, and Ecampus in the MOOC, the latter of which is offering multimedia and support for the online course.  US News and World Report has called Ecampus one of the best online programs in the nation.

 The trial of 12 defendants in the longstanding Atlanta Public Schools’ (APS) test cheating case finally began Monday.  Bill Rankin, reporting for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, calls the scene logistically overwhelming, as the 12 defendants have their own defense team to combat the six-member prosecution team, 400 prospective jurors, and at least three months required for the entire trial.
Missing in court is the lead defendant, Superintendent Beverly Hall, who is either the alleged primary instigator of the cheating, or, as she claims, is the victim of prosecutorial harassment.  Hall is hospitalized for Stage IV breast cancer and unable to stand trial.
The crowd in the larger ceremonial courtroom has been packed, even with no reporters or observers.  A separate courtroom has been equipped with a closed-circuit video feed for the overflow crowd.
Many are wondering how the case will be tried with so many defense attorneys, opening statements, cross examinations, the possibility of one defendant “flipping’ on another, prosecutors having the responsibility of making each of the 12 have unique and memorable cases, and a confused jury.  The question also arises as to how 12 impartial jurors, who can also put their lives on hold for three months or more, will be found.
It was The Atlanta Journal-Constitution which, nine months ago, noticed that gains in scores on standardized tests, at some schools, were all but statistically impossible. Because of that reporting, Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue ordered an investigation of 185 teachers and administrators and teachers at 44 Atlanta Public Schools.  Since that time, 35 APS employees  have been indicted on charges including conspiring to cheat on federally mandated curriculum tests, influencing witnesses, making false statements under oath, and theft.
One defendant has died and 21 have entered a guilty plea,then turned state’s witness, and received sentences on probation.  At the plea hearings, many distraught educators said they were told to make changes to the test so that test-score targets would be reached and there would be no excuses accepted if they did not do what they were told to do.
Another factor that may make the case last longer and make it become more complex, according to a report by CBS News, is the use of a law designed to to combat racketeering.  The Georgia Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute can be used when prosecutors  want to establish a pattern of activity within an organization.
In this case, the pattern would be that there was pressure from the top being imposed on the school district.  Specifically, that Hall and her top-ranked staff  “created a culture of fear, intimidation, and retaliation”.
A professor of law at the University of Georgia, Ron Carlson, is hopeful that some explanations and more clarity will result from the trial.  He believes, however, that there will be defendants who will put all the blame on Superintendent Hall.

 A new computer programming app can teach basic coding skills even to the youngest students — including Kindergarteners.
The app, ScratchJr, was created by researchers at the MIT Media Lab, Tufts University, and Playful Invention Company, so that children who cannot even read yet can learn coding skills through interactive games and stories.

    “When many people think of computer programming, they think of something very sophisticated,” says co-developer Michel Resnick of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “But we don’t think it has to be that way.”

ScratchJr allows users to connect programming blocks that will make different characters move, jump, talk and even change size.  Users can use the paint editor to create unique characters within the game, adding their own voices or other sounds, and even their own photos.  They then use the programming blocks to bring their characters to life.
According to co-developer Marina Umaschi Bers, research has shown that by the fourth grade, children already have developed internal ideas concerning how skilled they are at math, science and technology.

    “So most programs that introduce coding in fourth grade and up, it’s great, but they are coming kind of late to the party,” she says.

The National Science Foundation funded the project through a $1.3 million grant in an effort to help children learn to think creatively and reason systematically.
The app was inspired by MIT Media Lab’s Scratch programming language in use across the world by children 8 and over.  The interface was redesigned to coordinate with younger children’s cognitive, personal, social and emotional development.

    “We don’t want necessarily every young child to become a computer scientist or to work as an engineer, but we want every young child to be exposed to these new ways of thinking that coding makes possible,” Bers said.

One parent, happy with the results offered from the app, tweeted:

    “Amelia just spent 2 hours programming on ‪#ScratchJr Now she’s late with her homework (when programming is more fun than maths…)”

Launched in July for iPads, the app, which is offered free of charge, is already in use in Kindergarten classrooms at the Eliot-Pearson Children’s School in Medford, MA.  Teachers across the nation are encouraged to sign up for a ScratchJr Pilot Research Program.
Developers are currently working on creating a mobile version for smartphones as well as a web version.  Curriculum and support materials for parents and teachers are in the works.

Cloud server facilitating, private and open alike, is the following enormous thing in the realm of web server facilitating. This pattern is as of now drawing in the e-business retail sites, corporate associations, online application sites, and so on. However, it has not instilled each association, here is the thing that you have to think about the cloud facilitating and the administration suppliers. 

What is cloud facilitating in layman terms? This type of facilitating permits you the utilization of cloud registering innovation to partition the required assets for greatest uptime, then spread them among distinctive servers to be utilized as and when required. Along these lines, the essential center is the adaptability of utilizing assets. It ought to permit the undertakings to get no downtime. The benefits of cloud server facilitating There are very much a couple focal points of utilizing the cloud registering innovation for the huge endeavors. However here are the absolute most basic ones. • 100% streamlining: With the cloud processing innovation, the capacity gadgets and servers can be effectively shared. As the applications exchange between the distinctive gadgets according to the necessity, it permits most extreme utilization of the stockpiling accessible. • Pricing: With the adaptable way to deal with capacity and use, the cloud facilitating additionally has the upside of per-per-utilization valuing arrangement in very much a couple cases. Alongside the ideal utilization, there are a few other money related advantages. With the utilization of server farms for capacity, undertakings neither need IT staff nor upkeep. As the innovation is so adaptable, most ventures are in productive space similarly as web facilitating needs are concerned. In this way, they can utilize the cloud facilitating for distinctive purposes, for example, email, record reinforcements, site facilitating, database stockpiling, and so on. In this way, in the event that you pick the right cloud facilitating supplier, you will improve capacity and sharing framework over different stages at much moderate rates. Essential variables for choice of cloud facilitating suppliers • Uptime: Cloud facilitating administrations are a piece of web facilitating, uptime will be a critical thought. However, hypothetically, there ought to be no downtime with the effectiveness of cloud registering innovation, all clouds are not the same. They change with the exclusive model, workload, and so on. In this way, affirm the uptime record. However, 100% uptime SLA is the best one accessible, you can consider any cloud server facilitating with 98% to 99.99% uptime record as a better than average one. • Pricing: Cloud facilitating in India is a much productive arrangement than the customary decisions. Be that as it may, moving your present web facilitating is costly. Establishment is not free either. Thus, you must have enough money to save for a smooth movement.

• Deployment model: While selecting the cloud facilitating in India, you have to take a gander at a long haul arrangement. It ought to be sufficiently adaptable to scale with your developing business prerequisites. Do they have open and also private cloud facilitating? What number of server farms are accessible? It will matter.

Cloud Hosting, Cloud Computing and Cloud Architecture are the most recent and quick rising innovations. There are numerous clarifications to the term Cloud. Numerous get befuddled between the terms Grid Computing and Cloud Computing. Cloud Hosting frameworks are turning out to be more well known, on the grounds that web has, fundamentally Shared Hosting suppliers need to manage a lot of sites which oblige developing measure of assets. 

One can locate the best conceivable meaning of Cloud Hosting in Wikipedia. I might want to take it as an altogether new and propelled strategy for PC innovation. The real distinction that I see is that, in Cloud registering, clients buy PC advances as an administration and not as an item. The Cloud can be taken as a way to deal with construct PC architectures and convey administrations and applications to the client with adaptable, virtualized assets and programming assets to be given as an administration. The Cloud can likewise be taken as a procedure of combining the physical PC assets with the Internet systems. A Cloud Hosting can as far as anyone knows turn into the most prominent sort of a facilitating arrangement. With this it is conceivable to give benefits on "Pay per Usage premise". A Cloud Hosting construction modeling can be accomplished by making utilization of the current Virtualised and Clustered strategies. The Web Hosting supplier must make utilization of the Fail Over Cluster or High Availability (HA) Cluster which can promise that the web facilitating administration made accessible through Cloud might be repetitive, multi-hub that can offer progressively adaptable assets. A Clustered framework is the most fundamental necessity of Cloud Hosting arrangement. The Cloud Hosting administrations are normally in view of burden adjusted bunches, in which the information is put away on Storage Area Network (SAN). Any of the servers of the group can be effectively added to or expelled from the framework when needed. In the event that any server is down for support or for whatever other reason is out of administration, different hubs are equipped for taking the heap.

Advantages 1. The shoppers are charged for the utilization of figure cycles, 2. A marker which measures the amount of handling time the web facilitating client's applications utilization, 3. They pay just for the assets they utilize, 4. They can without much of a stretch build or decline assets, 5. Web Hosts can get any new servers sent quickly, 6. Capacity to convey preferable uptime over web facilitating administrations conveyed from standard servers, 7. With Cloud innovation one can utilize distinctive advances together as a component of the same cloud 8. One does not have to purchase or introduce equipment or programming every time. 

Cloud facilitating, likewise called grouped facilitating, is a web facilitating administration that is conveyed from a system of associated servers. The servers are not so much in the same server farm; actually they are more probable situated in server farms scattered far and wide


In layman terms, the cloud conveys a facilitating situation for registering assets that have been pooled together and conveyed over the Internet. It doesn't constrain an application to a particular arrangement of assets. The cloud permits hosts to have spryness and be business-adjusted for improved execution. The real cloud hosts have completely excess systems which utilize the real nearby and worldwide Internet network suppliers for premium data transmission. How It Works As of not long ago, assets have been obliged to the constraints of the equipment and applications within reach. Case in point, your assets may be restricted to your server's measure of RAM, preparing force, stockpiling and data transfer capacity. It might likewise be restricted to the measure of floor space accessible, spending plan and a large number of different reasons that ease off development. Cloud figuring permits the client to buy as much, or as meager processing power as they need. Force and assets is burden adjusted to furnish the end client with continuous integration. Advantages With the chance to have more assets accessible, the end client has the capacity extend their business without causing additional stock or overhead. Interestingly, IT is getting something that is financially savvy, more solid and better all round. The Cloud facilitating organizations just charge their clients on the amount of processing force utilized. Consider it like a power or water supply bill - you pay for what you utilize. Cloud facilitating gives the capacity to meet sudden surges in movement without needing to pay for additional data transmission when the activity is moderate. Cloud facilitating is about utilization based charging. Cloud facilitating gives advantages to everybody in expense investment funds through combination, better security, better execution and adaptability. There is likewise the advantage of repetition. Clients are presently ready to decrease their equipment stock which prompts less power prerequisites and, obviously, advantages the earth. Cloud facilitating makes an exceptionally appealing suggestion for anybody included in e-business of any sort and particularly those with spending plan restrictions. Littler organizations and business visionaries, among others, are currently ready to focus on business development without the need to learn new expertise sets or spend valuable budgetary assets on additional staff. It is a help to IT experts who can now effectively scale their data transmission in view of the differing levels of web activity. Gone are the days when it was important to contact the host to demand additional data transfer capacity or lose custom in light of the fact that the transmission capacity was not accessible. 

In a couple of years time, cloud facilitating will be a standout amongst the most utilized facilitating administrations on account of its altogether new idea that separates it from other facilitating administrations. The idea that set web facilitating separated is the "Partition and Rule" idea. Which implies the assets required for keeping up your site are spread out over one server. The point of interest is that it altogether lessens server downtimes if there should arise an occurrence of server breakdown. Another component is that you can oversee top burdens without having any transmission capacity issues in light of the fact that another server will give extra assets for such matter. Your site does not depend on one server, but rather various servers that cooperate. 

Rackspace Rackspace is a facilitating supplier that is colossally mainstream and is understood to offer the best cloud facilitating administrations, albeit excessively costly for a facilitating supplier. Rackspace arrangements are offered in 3 sorts, Public Cloud, Private Cloud, and Hybrid Cloud. Open cloud is the least expensive where it offers adaptable plans and pay-what-you utilize program for just $15 every month. Private cloud is similar to VPS for cloud facilitating. It utilizes OpenStack, the working framework for cloud-based facilitating framework. Cross breed Cloud, then again is the place you can run OpenStack cloud in your server farm or join an open cloud rack space. Microsoft Cloud Solutions Microsoft Cloud Solutions is a cloud facilitating arrangement offered by Microsoft that has Microsoft Azure. Microsoft Azure is Microsoft's cloud stage. The arrangement offered is pay-as-you-go evaluated at $0.12 every hour per registering, $0.15 per GB of capacity, and $0.10 for each capacity exchanges. The essential web version which is just $9.99 every month, and the business release evaluated at $99.99 every month. It is exceedingly adaptable and utilizes programmed scaling and is an open stage which can bolster both Microsoft and non-Microsoft environment and dialects. iCloud Hosting iCloud Hosting is another prevalent cloud facilitating supplier in light of the fact that it offers shoddy facilitating arrangements. Other than that, the site offers area enrollments, and VPS beside cloud facilitating. iCloud Hosting is known for giving the best administration and has ideal unwavering quality. Linode Cloud Servers Linode Cloud Servers is a facilitating supplier that allows versatile sending of utilizations in which an individual can boot virtual machines. The virtual machines, or hub used to run any product or application. The littlest arrangement which has around 512MB of ram, 20GB of capacity, and 200 GB of data transmission is $19.95 while the bigger arrangement which has 4096 MB of RAM 160GB stockpiling, and 1600GB of transfer speed is costs at $159.95 every month. GoGrid Cloud Hosting GoGrid is another facilitating supplier that has been known for offering quick and solid servers notwithstanding when they are only a rising organization. Their most reduced evaluated server or called X-Small has 512MB of RAM, a storage room of 25GB valued at $18.13 every hour. Their more lavish server called XXX-Large has 24GB of ram, 800GB or storage room valued at $870 every month. Arnel Colar is an independent essayist who composes anything that can give learning to the perusers around the globe. He composes articles running from environment protection, social training, back and credits, cash, and anything that he can consider. With great examination, persuading points of interest, and inventive experiences included with energy, articles can turn into an artful culmination. 

What is cloud facilitating? Cloud facilitating is additionally termed as grouped facilitating. It's a facilitating administration that is conveyed from a system of numerous and physically associated servers. There are numerous sorts of facilitating accessible; cloud facilitating is another type of facilitating. It empowers the customers to have their sites in an all the more intense, dependable, and adaptable way. It is given to clients through a framework with numerous servers notwithstanding some virtual assets. In understanding to Virtualization, a cloud has the boundless handling force, and clients can scale up and can include new servers. Cloud servers are tuned together to overcome issues like system vacillations, activity over-burden, server drop down, server crashes. The utilization of different server expands the preparing force of the site somewhat relying on a solitary server. 

Notwithstanding the idea of cloud site facilitating server, it likewise implies that the site won't encounter any downtimes as it is the situation with conventional server facilitating. Cloud server facilitating is to a great degree helpful in light of the fact that it doesn't confine individuals to the furthest reaches of use and equipment. The fundamental point of preference of cloud site facilitating is the unwavering quality that originates from the utilization of a gathering of servers as opposed to simply depending on one. Indeed, even the space will be restricted in conventional hosts that will back off your site. On the other hand, with cloud server facilitating, you won't experience any of these issues in light of the fact that clients will get additional force and assets and with this you can effectively maintain your business over the web and appreciate unhindered integration. Cloud site facilitating is best for little business, developing business, and mid-endeavors. A few components of cloud servers are- - Data excess: It is a standout amongst the most adored elements of Cloud Hosting, as the host spares your information on different machines at once. On the off chance that a solitary machine accident or not able to react, you will have the capacity to review your information from different machines without losing anything. The cloud will keep your information secure, with the goal that you can get it any minute, you need. - Financially plausible or Cost compelling: Cloud facilitating is low in expense and good for elite and working. Cloud site facilitating is all that much reasonable than traditional facilitating administrations. The best piece of this administration is you are not bound to pay any heavy sum on month to month or yearly premise. You ought to pay for the measure of assets utilized. It is an achievable answer for the individuals who can't foresee the measure of assets; they have to run their sites. - Technological similarity: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), it includes the standards of Cloud facilitating to give equipment based support of the customers. This incorporates plate stockpiling alongside virtual servers. A large portion of the main sellers over the world utilize these IAAS administrations. Here in cloud site facilitating, the idea of a virtual server cloud basically implies that you can have numerous stages in one single cloud. It is conceivable to utilize ASP and PHP together in the event that you have picked cloud site facilitating on a solitary server.

- Backup and Security: Cloud server can be utilized to oversee economically feasible programming and system to pick up its entrance. If there should be an occurrence of fiasco administration and information recovery, the cloud server is fit for repairing it. 

The Cloud is getting more famous than any time in recent memory and at this point a large portion of us, including my grandma, have some data facilitated some place in the cloud. As a customer, think Gmail, Facebook, Twitter messages or Flickr photographs - just to give some examples of the most utilized cloud-based administrations. 

Be that as it may, for my business, what does Cloud Computing truly mean? By what means would I be able to profit by it? What's more, how would I pick a Cloud facilitating organization? As of now, the most utilized facilitating innovation is called "shared facilitating". Cloud facilitating can be considered as the new era of shared facilitating where as opposed to sharing different customers, applications and sites on a solitary physical machine, server farms have various customers, applications and sites on any physical server some piece of an expansive "homestead" of machines, interconnected through working innovation called virtualization. Advantages of Cloud facilitating On account of this methodology, more customers can be full on less servers, which implies less equipment, force and support costs. So facilitating costs ought to be lower and will presumably keep on descending. You additionally pay as you go. Yes, as you do with gas, water, power... so you can expand or diminish limit as your movement moves all over (Benefit #1, it is less expensive). Since information can without much of a stretch move starting with one server then onto the next and machines can be included and uprooted structure the lattice, it additionally implies that your locales, applications and information are constantly online and don't experience the ill effects of shutdowns from occurrences and upkeep. With Cloud facilitating, you can anticipate that up will 99.9% accessibility, ought to be 100% yet how about we be progressive! (Advantage #2, better accessibility). With Cloud innovations, assets are dispersed all the more adequately and rapidly, which implies that you can request all the more handling power either to react to top movement or for relentless utilization development. With Cloud facilitating, you take out the danger to going past your activity farthest point (Benefit #3, versatility and flexibility). Openly Cloud server farms, your information is put away in numerous duplicates on numerous servers, so if a server comes up short, your applications and information ought to still be sheltered and accessible. Indeed, you may not even notice that something even turned out badly sooner or later! (Advantage #4, unwavering quality) What are the drawbacks then? The apparent drawbacks of open Cloud facilitating are security dangers and loss of control. A few organizations have a tendency to feel that if their applications and information are not withing their border, they may not be sheltered or they could lose control over it. Without getting in an excessive amount of point of interest, we accept that this is a to a great extent wrong discernment and that the lion's share of Cloud facilitating organizations will offer a much larger amount of security that what most organizations could ordinarily bear. Another concern is the loss of control and information security. Once more, most organizations ought not stress over this unless they hold touchy data and/or work in a very controlled environment. In these cases, you ought to consider a private Cloud where accomplishing consistence for information secrecy and respectability is simpler. This is pertinent for the most part on the off chance that you have to go along to administrative prerequisites, for example, HIPAA, Sarbanes-Oxley Act and PCI-DSS, just to give some examples. Another course to think about is as a mixture use of open and private Clouds, in spite of the fact that it may bring a few issues up as far as interoperability and convenientce that are past the extent of this post. How to pick a Cloud facilitating organization? In many situations, the advantages of picking a Cloud facilitating arrangement will be far more noteworthy than the burden yet at the same time you have to pick a legitimate facilitating organization. The most prominent decisions are the goliaths, for example, Amazon Web Services, NetDepot and Rackspace, however you ought to additionally consider littler players that have the capacity to give a more customized and frequently less expensive administration. These are a portion of the things you ought to hold up under as a primary concern before settling on your decision: Verify that they have an incredible specialized and client bolster group. Call their client administration to see how they run their operations. Perceive how skillful and snappy they are to react (Check #1, client administration). They should be putting forth an exceedingly transparent stage to react to your individual prerequisites. Open guidelines offer not just simple movement from customary arrangements, (for example, committed facilitating) yet neither locks you or your information in the cloud (Check #2, openness). It is an exceptionally focused business sector and merchants are working forcefully to secure new customers. Both on-interest and membership valuing ought to be accessible, with the base charging period being as meager as a couple of minutes (Check #3, look at the costs). Most organizations will promise high accessibility and execution through SLAs. Their cutting edge servers and base ought to give an abnormal state of repetition, and a 99,9% administration level assention ought to come as given (Check #4, SLAs).

You ought to have the capacity to deal with your Cloud servers through an electronic interface that incorporates a full API access to ensure a smooth move, if you choose to change supplier later on. Security and ensures on your information respectability and privacy ought to additionally be a piece of your check rundown (Check #5, security and an exit plan!). 

Teaching career specialties include traditional subject instruction, counseling, and educational administration.

Counseling

School counselors work with students as advocates as well as to foster their personal, social, academic, and career development by establishing realistic goals. Counselors help students choose colleges or technical schools, as well as assist with applications, exams, and career planning. College counselors may assist students with major planning and career development.

Education Administration

Education administrators provide leadership as well as manage the daily activities in schools of all levels, from preschools to colleges. They establish policy and procedures to meet curriculum standards and general goals. They also supervise school faculty and employees, train teachers, develop programs, ensure academic progress, prepare budgets, and handle public relations.

Elementary

Elementary school teachers work with students in grades 1-5 and generally teach one group of students a broad range of subjects, though some elementary teachers specialize in one area, such as reading, math, art, or music.

Kindergarten

Kindergarten teachers instruct students in numbers, science, letter recognition, and phonics, and employ play, games, and other methods to provide students general academic awareness.

Librarian

School librarians, often referred to as school media specialists, work with teachers to prepare materials for use in the classroom and curriculum development. They also sometimes teach.

Middle School

Middle school teachers work with students in grades 6-8, while secondary teachers work with students in grades 9-12. Middle and secondary teachers specialize in a subject area, such as:

Arts – Specializations in art, music, or theater
Civics/Government
English/Language arts
Foreign languages
Math
Physical education/Health
Science – Specific specializations might include earth science, biology, chemistry, or physics
Social studies – Specializations may include United States or world history and geography
Post-secondary

Post-secondary teachers cover a wide range of subjects leading to advanced degrees and/or personal development opportunities in colleges, universities, vocational/technical institutions, and professional schools. They also may perform research and consulting services, as well as supervise the work of teaching assistants and graduate students.

Preschool

Preschool teachers work with children to enhance their vocabulary and language development and social skills. They also introduce ideas of science and math and encourage creative activities and play.

Special Education

Special education teachers work with children who have disabilities and modify curricula to meet the individual needs of students.

Teaching Assistants

Teaching assistants, also called teacher aides, paraeducators, paraprofessionals, or instructional aides, support classroom teachers by providing individual tutoring to students, recording grades, preparing instructional materials, and handling equipment.

Vocational

Vocational teachers provide specialized instruction in career fields, such as technology, business, autos, and healthcare.

The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world, and the world's second-oldest surviving university.It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".

The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions.All the colleges are self-governing institutions as part of the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it does not have a main campus; instead, all the buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the metropolitan centre.

Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the self-governing colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments. Oxford is the home of several notable scholarships, including the Clarendon Scholarship which was launched in 2001 and the Rhodes Scholarship which has brought graduate students to read at the university for more than a century.The university operates the largest university press in the world[12] and the largest academic library system in the United Kingdom.[13] Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 27 Nobel laureates, 26 British prime ministers (most recently David Cameron, the incumbent) and many foreign heads of state.
Contents  [hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding
1.2 Renaissance period
1.3 Modern period
1.4 Women's education
2 Buildings and sites
2.1 Main sites
2.2 Parks
3 Organisation
3.1 Central governance
3.2 Colleges
3.3 Finances
3.4 Affiliations
4 Academic profile
4.1 Admission
4.2 Teaching and degrees
4.3 Scholarships and financial support
4.4 Libraries
4.5 Museums
4.6 Publishing
4.7 Rankings and reputation
5 Student life
5.1 Traditions
5.2 Clubs and societies
5.3 OUSU and Common Rooms
6 Notable alumni
6.1 Politics
6.2 Mathematics and sciences
6.3 Literature, music, and drama
6.4 Religion
6.5 Philosophy
6.6 Sport
6.7 Adventure and exploration
7 Oxford in literature and other media
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Notes
9.2 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Oxford
Founding[edit]

Balliol College – one of the university's oldest constituent colleges
The University of Oxford has no known foundation date.[15] Teaching at Oxford existed in some form in 1096, but it is unclear at what point a university came into being.[1] It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris.[1] The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university was named a chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231. The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.[16]

After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge.[7][17]


Aerial view of Merton College's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378.

In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls. (North is at the bottom on this map.)
The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two "nations", representing the North (Northern or Boreales, which included the English people north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (Southern or Australes, which included English people south of the Trent, the Irish, and the Welsh).[18][19] In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. In addition to this, members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence, and maintained houses or halls for students.[20] At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges to serve as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College,[20] and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name.[18] Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;[21][22] Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,[23] as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students forsook living in halls and religious houses in favour of living in colleges

In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in western European countries

The California Institute of Technology or Caltech[6] is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. Although founded as a preparatory and vocational school by Amos G. Throop in 1891, the college attracted influential scientists such as George Ellery Hale, Arthur Amos Noyes, and Robert Andrews Millikan in the early 20th century. The vocational and preparatory schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910, and the college assumed its present name in 1921. In 1934, Caltech was elected to the Association of American Universities, and the antecedents of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which Caltech continues to manage and operate, were established between 1936 and 1943 under Theodore von Kármán. The university is one among a small group of Institutes of Technology in the United States which tends to be primarily devoted to the instruction of technical arts and applied sciences.

Caltech has six academic divisions with strong emphasis on science and engineering, managing $332 million in 2011 in sponsored research. Its 124-acre (50 ha) primary campus is located approximately 11 mi (18 km) northeast of downtown Los Angeles. First year students are required to live on campus, and 95% of undergraduates remain in the on-campus house system. Although Caltech has a strong tradition of practical jokes and pranks,student life is governed by an honor code which allows faculty to assign take-home examinations. The Caltech Beavers compete in 13 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division III's Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

Caltech is frequently cited as one of the world's best universities.Despite its small size, 33 Caltech alumni and faculty have won a total of 34 Nobel Prizes (Linus Pauling being the only individual in history to win two unshared prizes) and 71 have won the United States National Medal of Science or Technology. There are 112 faculty members who have been elected to the National Academies. In addition, numerous faculty members are associated with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute as well as NASA.

Contents  [hide]
1 History
1.1 Throop College
1.2 World Wars
1.3 Post-war growth
1.4 21st century
2 Campus
3 Organization and administration
4 Academics
4.1 Admissions
4.2 Tuition and financial aid
4.3 Undergraduate program
4.4 Graduate program
5 Research
6 Student life
6.1 House system
6.2 Athletics
6.3 Performing and visual arts
6.4 Student life traditions
6.4.1 Annual events
6.4.2 Pranks
6.4.2.1 Rivalry with MIT
6.4.3 Honor code
7 People
7.1 Students
7.2 Faculty and staff
7.3 Alumni
7.4 Presidents
8 Caltech startups
9 In media and popular culture
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Throop College[edit]

Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pasadena, Calif, 1908, on its original campus at downtown Pasadena.
Caltech started as a vocational school founded in Pasadena in 1891 by local businessman and politician Amos G. Throop. The school was known successively as Throop University, Throop Polytechnic Institute (and Manual Training School), and Throop College of Technology, before acquiring its current name in 1920. The vocational school was disbanded and the preparatory program was split off to form an independent Polytechnic School in 1907.

At a time when scientific research in the United States was still in its infancy, George Ellery Hale, a solar astronomer from the University of Chicago, founded the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1904. He joined Throop's board of trustees in 1907, and soon began developing it and the whole of Pasadena into a major scientific and cultural destination. He engineered the appointment of James A. B. Scherer, a literary scholar untutored in science but a capable administrator and fund raiser, to Throop's presidency in 1908. Scherer persuaded retired businessman and trustee Charles W. Gates to donate $25,000 in seed money to build Gates Laboratory, the first science building on campus.

World Wars[edit]

Throop Hall, 1912
In 1910, Throop moved to its current site. Arther Fleming donated the land for the permanent campus site. Theodore Roosevelt delivered an address at Throop Institute on March 21, 1911, and he declared:

I want to see institutions like Throop turn out perhaps ninety-nine of every hundred students as men who are to do given pieces of industrial work better than any one else can do them; I want to see those men do the kind of work that is now being done on the Panama Canal and on the great irrigation projects in the interior of this country—and the one-hundredth man I want to see with the kind of cultural scientific training that will make him and his fellows the matrix out of which you can occasionally develop a man like your great astronomer, George Ellery Hale.

In the same year, a bill was introduced in the California Legislature calling for the establishment of a publicly funded "California Institute of Technology," with an initial budget of a million dollars, ten times the budget of Throop at the time. The board of trustees offered to turn Throop over to the state, but the presidents of Stanford University and the University of California successfully lobbied to defeat the bill, which allowed Throop to develop as the only scientific research-oriented education institute in southern California, public or private, until the onset of the World War II necessitated the broader development of research-based science education. The promise of Throop attracted physical chemist Arthur Amos Noyes from MIT to develop the institution and assist in establishing it as a center for science and technology.

With the onset of World War I, Hale organized the National Research Council to coordinate and support scientific work on military problems. While he supported the idea of federal appropriations for science, he took exception to a federal bill that would have funded engineering research at land-grant colleges, and instead sought to raise a $1 million national research fund entirely from private sources. To that end, as Hale wrote in The New York Times:

Throop College of Technology, in Pasadena California has recently afforded a striking illustration of one way in which the Research Council can secure co-operation and advance scientific investigation. This institution, with its able investigators and excellent research laboratories, could be of great service in any broad scheme of cooperation. President Scherer, hearing of the formation of the council, immediately offered to take part in its work, and with this object, he secured within three days an additional research endowment of one hundred thousand dollars.

Through the National Research Council, Hale simultaneously lobbied for science to play a larger role in national affairs, and for Throop to play a national role in science. The new funds were designated for physics research, and ultimately led to the establishment of the Norman Bridge Laboratory, which attracted experimental physicist Robert Andrews Millikan from the University of Chicago in 1917.[19] During the course of the war, Hale, Noyes and Millikan worked together in Washington on the NRC. Subsequently, they continued their partnership in developing Caltech

The University of Chicago (U of C, UChicago, or simply Chicago) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than applied sciences and commercial utility.[6]

The university consists of the College of the University of Chicago, various graduate programs and interdisciplinary committees organized into four divisions, six professional schools, and a school of continuing education. Outside academic circles, Chicago is particularly well known for its professional schools, which include the Pritzker School of Medicine, the Booth School of Business, the Law School, and the Divinity School. The university enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the College and about 15,000 students overall.

University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics, the Chicago school of sociology, the law and economics movement in legal analysis,[7] the Chicago school of literary criticism, the Chicago school of religion,[8] the school of political science known as behavioralism,[9] and in the physics leading to the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction.[10] The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States.[11]

The University of Chicago is home to many prominent alumni. 89 Nobel laureates[12] have been affiliated with the university as visiting professors, students, faculty, or staff, the fourth most of any institution in the world. In addition, Chicago's alumni include 49 Rhodes Scholars,[13] 2 Fields Medalists,[14] 13 National Humanities Medalists [15] and 13 billionaire graduates.[16]

Contents

    1 History
        1.1 Founding–1910s
        1.2 1920s–1980s
        1.3 1990s–2010s
    2 Campus
        2.1 Satellite campuses
    3 Administration and finances
    4 Academics
        4.1 Undergraduate college
        4.2 Graduate schools and committees
        4.3 Professional schools
        4.4 Associated academic institutions
            4.4.1 Library system
        4.5 Research
        4.6 Arts
    5 People
        5.1 Student body
        5.2 Alumni
        5.3 Faculty
    6 Athletics
    7 Student life
        7.1 Student organizations
            7.1.1 Student Government
        7.2 Fraternities and sororities
        7.3 Student housing
        7.4 Traditions
    8 Notes
    9 References
    10 External links

History
Main article: History of the University of Chicago
An early convocation ceremony at the University of Chicago
Founding–1910s
    Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about the founding and early years.

The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational,[17] secular institution in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field.[18] Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, which had closed in 1886 due to extended financial and leadership problems.[19] William Rainey Harper became the modern university's first president on July 1, 1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1, 1892.[19]

The business school was founded in 1898,[20] and the law school was founded in 1902.[21] Harper died in 1906,[22] and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929.[23] During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support and interpret archeological work in what was then called the Near East.[24]

In the 1890s, the University of Chicago, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the University, to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals, to make no faculty appointment without the university's approval, and to send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago. A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses; and a copy of every book and journal published by the University of Chicago Press at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the University. The program passed into history by 1910.[25]
1920s–1980s

In 1929, the university's fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. Hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics,[26] instituted the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core,[27] and organized the university's graduate work into its current[when?] four divisions.[26] In 1933, Hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university.[28] During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals (now called the University of Chicago Medical Center) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students.[29] Also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created.
A group of people in suits standing in three rows on the steps in front of a stone building.
The University of Chicago team that worked on the production of the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction, including Enrico Fermi in the front row and Leó Szilárd in the second.

Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression.[26] During World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project.[30] The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, self-sustained nuclear reaction by Enrico Fermi in 1942.[30][31]

In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan.[32]

The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962, when students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies. After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures."[33] The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s.[34]

In 1969, more than 400 students, angry about the dismissal of a popular professor, Marlene Dixon, occupied the Administration Building for two weeks. After the sit-in ended, when Dixon turned down a one-year reappointment, 42 students were expelled and 81 were suspended,[35] the most severe response to student occupations of any American university during the student movement.[36]

In 1978, Hanna Holborn Gray, then the provost and acting president of Yale University, became President of the University of Chicago, a position she held for 15 years.[37]
1990s–2010s
View from the Midway Plaisance

In 1999, then-President Hugo Sonnenschein announced plans to relax the university's famed core curriculum, reducing the number of required courses from 21 to 15. When The New York Times, The Economist, and other major news outlets picked up this story, the university became the focal point of a national debate on education. The changes were ultimately implemented, but the controversy played a role in Sonnenschein's decision to resign in 2000.[38]

In the past decade, the university began a number of multi-million dollar expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students.[39][40][41][42][43] The institute will cost around $200 million and occupy the buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary. During the same year, investor David G. Booth donated $300 million to the university's Booth School of Business, which is the largest gift in the university's history and the largest gift ever to any business school.[44] In 2009, planning or construction on several new buildings, half of which cost $100 million or more, was underway.[45]

Since 2009, a two-billion dollar campaign has brought substantial expansion to the campus, including the unveiling of the Max Palevsky Residential Commons, the South Campus Residence Hall, the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, a new hospital, and a new science building. Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, a ten-story medical research center, and further additions to the medical campus of the University of Chicago Medical Center.[46]

On May 1, 2014, Barack Obama's White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault publicly named the University of Chicago as one of many higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints."[47] "Fourth-year Olivia Ortiz filed the original complaint on the claim that the University had mishandled disciplinary procedures after she was sexually assaulted by her then-partner, who has since graduated, over the course of the 2011–2012 academic year. OCR accepted her case in June 2013, based both on the content of Ortiz’s original complaint and on the Maroon Sexual Assault Investigative series from fall 2012, which was cited in the original complaint."[48] The complaint was reported originally by the Chicago Maroon in a 2012 student newspaper investigation of University of Chicago's history of under reporting and mishandling sexual violence complaints filed by students since 2007.[49]
Campus
The campus of the University of Chicago.
The campus of the University of Chicago. From the top of Rockefeller Chapel, the Main Quadrangles can be seen on the left (West), the Oriental Institute and the Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics can be seen in the center (North), and the Booth School of Business and Laboratory Schools can be seen on the right (East). The panoramic is bounded on both sides by the Midway Plaisance (South).

The main campus of the University of Chicago consists of 211 acres (85.4 ha) in the Chicago neighborhoods of Hyde Park and Woodlawn, seven miles (11 km) south of downtown Chicago. The northern and southern portions of campus are separated by the Midway Plaisance, a large, linear park created for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the university as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.[50]
Many older buildings of the University of Chicago employ Collegiate Gothic architecture like that of the University of Oxford. For example, Chicago's Mitchell Tower (left) was modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower (right).

The first buildings of the University of Chicago campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a "master plan" conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb.[51] The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle.[52] The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche, and other architectural firms in a mixture of the Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic styles, patterned on the colleges of the University of Oxford.[51] (Mitchell Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower,[53] and the university Commons, Hutchinson Hall, replicates Christ Church Hall.[54])

After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles.[51] In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen);[51] a series of arts buildings;[51] a building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration;,[51] a building which is to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus, a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch of the Chicago firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.[55] Another master plan, designed in 1999 and updated in 2004,[56] produced the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003),[56] the Max Palevsky Residential Commons (2001),[51] South Campus Residence Hall and dining commons (2009), a new children's hospital,[57] and other construction, expansions, and restorations.[58] In 2011, the university completed the glass dome-shaped Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository.

The site of Chicago Pile-1 is a National Historic Landmark and is marked by the Henry Moore sculpture Nuclear Energy.[59] Robie House, a Frank Lloyd Wright building acquired by the university in 1963, is also a National Historic Landmark,[60] as is room 405 of the George Herbert Jones Laboratory, where Glenn T. Seaborg and his team were the first to isolate plutonium.[61] Hitchcock Hall, an undergraduate dormitory, is on the National Register of Historic Places.[62]

    Campus of the University of Chicago

    Snell-Hitchcock, an undergraduate dormitory constructed in the early 20th century, is part of the Main Quadrangles.

    Rockefeller Chapel, constructed in 1928, was designed by Bertram Goodhue in the neo-Gothic style

    The Henry Hinds Laboratory for Geophysical Sciences was built in 1969.[63]

    The Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, opened in 2003 and designed by Cesar Pelli, houses the volleyball, wrestling, swimming, and basketball teams.[64]

Satellite campuses

The University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs.[65] In fall 2010, the University of Chicago also opened a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent addition is a center in New Delhi, India, which opened in 2014.
Administration and finances

The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of 50 members including the university President.[66] Directly beneath the President are the Provost, fourteen Vice Presidents (including the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer, and Dean of Students of the university), the Directors of Argonne National Laboratory and Fermilab, the Secretary of the university, and the Student Ombudsperson.[67] As of August 2009, the Chairman of the Board of Trustees is Andrew Alper,[68] and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer. In December 2013 it was announced that the Director of Argonne National Laboratory, Eric Isaacs, would become Provost.

The university's endowment was the 12th largest among American educational institutions and state university systems in 2013[69] and as of 2012 was valued at $6.571 billion.[70]
Academics
University rankings
National
ARWU[71]     8
Forbes[72]     24
U.S. News & World Report[73]     4
Washington Monthly[74]     53
Global
ARWU[75]     9
QS[76]     11
Times[77]     11

The academic bodies of the University of Chicago consist of the College, four divisions of graduate research, six professional schools, and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies (a continuing education school). The university also contains a library system, the University of Chicago Press, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, and the University of Chicago Medical Center, and holds ties with a number of independent academic institutions, including Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Marine Biological Laboratory. The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.[78]

The university runs on a quarter system in which the academic year is divided into four terms: Summer (June–August), Autumn (September–December), Winter (January–March), and Spring (April–June).[79] Full-time undergraduate students take three to four courses every quarter[80] for approximately eleven weeks before their quarterly academic breaks. The school year typically begins in late September and ends in mid-June.[79]
Undergraduate college
Main article: College of the University of Chicago

The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors[81] and 28 minors.[82] The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division.[83] The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions, while the New Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions.[84]

Undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university's core curriculum known as the Common Core. In 2012-2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 students, and are generally led by a full-time professor (as opposed to a teaching assistant).[85] As of the 2013–2014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core.[86] Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are known for their demanding standards, heavy workload and academic difficulty; according to Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."[87]
Eckhart Hall houses the university's math and statistics departments.
Graduate schools and committees

The university graduate schools and committees are divided into four divisions: Biological Sciences, Humanities, Physical Sciences, and Social Sciences. In the autumn quarter of 2014, the university enrolled 3,468 graduate students: 461 in the Biological Sciences Division, 819 in the Humanities Division, 1,024 in the Physical Sciences Division, and 1,164 in the Social Sciences Division.[88]

The university is home to several committees for interdisciplinary scholarship, including the Committee on Social Thought.
Professional schools

The university contains six professional schools: the Pritzker School of Medicine (which is a part of the Biological Sciences Division), the Booth School of Business, the Law School, the Divinity School, the Harris School of Public Policy Studies, and the School of Social Service Administration (SSA). The total enrollment for these six professional schools was 5,086 students in the 2009 spring quarter: 2,878 students in the business school, 344 in the Divinity School, 452 in the medical school, 269 in the Harris School, 494 in SSA, and 649 in the Law School.[89]

The Law School is accredited by the American Bar Association, the Divinity School is accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, Pritzker is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education.[78]
Associated academic institutions
The University of Chicago Lab Schools, a private day school run by the university

The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (a private day school for K-12 students and day care),[90] the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School (a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems),[91] and four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute.[92] In addition, the Hyde Park Day School, a school for students with learning disabilities, maintains a location on the University of Chicago campus.[93] Since 1983, the University of Chicago has maintained the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project, a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools.[94] The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities, which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students, faculty, and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress.[95] The university also operates the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States.[96]
The Joseph Regenstein Library
Library system

The University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries[97] that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among library systems in the United States.[98] The University's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States. The John Crerar Library contains more than 1.3 million volumes in the biological, medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science, medicine, and technology.[99] The university also operates a number of special libraries, including the D'Angelo Law Library, the Social Service Administration Library, and the Eckhart Library for mathematics and computer science, which closed temporarily for renovation on July 8, 2013.[100][101] Harper Memorial Library no longer contains any volumes; however it is the only 24 hour study space on campus.
Research
Aerial view of Fermilab, one of the science research laboratories partially operated by the University of Chicago

In fiscal year 2006, the University of Chicago spent US$305,301,000 on scientific research.[102] It is classified by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as an institution with "very high research activity"[103] and is a founding member of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation and the Association of American Universities.

The university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus.[104] Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper. The university partially manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and has a joint stake in Fermilab, a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university,[105] In 2013, the University announced that it was affiliating the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass.[106] Although formally unrelated, the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus.

The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market[107] and is the namesake of the Chicago school of economics, the school of economic thought supported by Milton Friedman and other economists. The university's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the United States and gave birth to the Chicago school of sociology.[108] In physics, the university was the site of the Chicago Pile-1 (the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction, part of the Manhattan Project), of Robert Millikan's oil-drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron,[109] and of the development of radiocarbon dating by Willard F. Libby in 1947. The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth, the Miller–Urey experiment, was conducted at the university. REM sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky. [110]
Arts
Saieh Hall for Economics, housing the Department of Economics and the Becker Friedman Institute

The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor’s degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College’s general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes.[111] UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Centre was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.
People
See also: List of University of Chicago people and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago

There have been 87 Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago,[112] 17 of whom were pursuing research or on faculty at the university at the time of the award announcement.[113]

In addition, many Chicago alumni and scholars have won the Fulbright awards[114] and 49 have matriculated as Rhodes Scholars.[115]
Student Body Demographics, Spring Quarter 2012[A] By sex[116]
    College     Graduate
schools     Professional
schools     University
total
Male     51.3%     58.3%     61.2%     56.3%
Female     48.7%     41.7%     38.8%     43.7%
By race[117]
    College     Graduate
schools     Professional
schools     University
total
International student     9.7%     31.2%     20.6%     18.9%
African American     4.5%     2.8%     4.8%     4.3%
Native American     0.1%     0.3%     0.1%     0.2%
Arab/Middle Eastern/
North African     0.6%     0.5%     0.1%     0.2%
Asian     16.9%     4.9%     13.5%     12.4%
Pacific Islander     0.06%     0.00%     0.00%     0.02%
Hispanic/Latino     9.0%     3.7%     4.8%     6.0%
Multiracial     4.0%     2.9%     2.0%     2.9%
White     42.8%     42.0%     48.2%     44.2%
Unspecified     12.4%     11.6%     5.9%     10.7%
Student body

In the fall quarter of 2014, the University of Chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the College, 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5,984 students in its professional schools, and 15,244 students overall.[88] In the 2012 Spring Quarter, international students comprised almost 19% of the overall study body, over 26% of students were domestic ethnic minorities,[116] and about 44% of enrolled students were female.[118] The middle 50% band of SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2015, excluding the writing section, was 1420–1530,[119] the average MCAT score for entering students in the Pritzker School of Medicine in 2011 was 36,[120] and the median LSAT score for entering students in the Law School in 2011 was 171.[121] In 2015, the College of the University of Chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8% for the Class of 2019, the lowest in the college's history.[122]
Alumni
Main article: List of University of Chicago alumni

In 2004, the University of Chicago claimed 133,155 living alumni.[123]

Notable alumni in the field of government and politics include community organizer Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor David Axelrod, Attorney General and federal judge Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark, Prohibition agent Eliot Ness, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King and former World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz.

In business, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, Arley D. Cathey, Bloomberg L.P. CEO Daniel Doctoroff, Credit Suisse CEO Brady Dougan, Morningstar, Inc. founder and CEO Joe Mansueto, Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S. Ricketts, and NBA commissioner Adam Silver are graduates.

In journalism, notable graduates include New York Times columnist David Brooks, Washington Post columnist David Broder, Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham, investigative journalist Seymour Hersh, The Progressive columnist Milton Mayer, statistical analyst Nate Silver, and CBS News correspondent Rebecca Jarvis.

In literature, writers Lauren Oliver, Philip Roth, Studs Terkel, Susan Sontag, and Kurt Vonnegut are graduates.

In the arts and entertainment, composer Philip Glass, dancer and choreographer Katherine Dunham, Bungie video game developer founder Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig, and film director Philip Kaufman are graduates.

American Civil Rights Movement leaders Vernon Johns and Myles Horton, Tuskegee Airmen commander Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., and African-American history scholar Carter G. Woodson are all alumni.

In economics, Milton Friedman, Gary Becker, Herbert A. Simon, Paul Samuelson, Thomas Sowell and Eugene Fama are all graduates.

In science, alumni include astronomers Carl Sagan and Edwin Hubble, NASA astronaut John M. Grunsfeld, geneticist James Watson, environmentalist David Suzuki, balloonist Jeannette Piccard, biologists Ernest Everett Just and Lynn Margulis, computer scientist Richard Hamming, and geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson.

Other prominent alumni include anthropologist Donald Johanson, psychologist John B. Watson, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and international relations scholar Samuel P. Huntington.

Three students from the university have been prosecuted in notable court cases, they include infamous thrill killers Leopold and Loeb, as well as high school science teacher John T. Scopes who was tried in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Notable former students who did not graduate include novelist Saul Bellow, film critic Roger Ebert, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, and director, writer and comedian Mike Nichols.

The most famous fictional alumnus of the university is the archaeologist Indiana Jones.
Faculty

Notable faculty in physics have included A. A. Michelson, Robert A. Millikan, Arthur H. Compton, Enrico Fermi, Edward Teller, Luis Walter Alvarez, Murray Gell-Mann, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Tsung-Dao Lee, and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

In law, the President of the United States of America Barack Obama, Richard Posner, and Nobel laureate in Economics Ronald Coase have served on the faculty.

Philosophers John Dewey, George H. Mead, Hannah Arendt and Bertrand Russell, as well as writers T.S. Eliot, Ralph Ellison and J.M. Coetzee have all served on the faculty.

Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, economist Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg and Yuan T. Lee, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, linguist Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.

Current faculty include paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, physicist Yoichiro Nambu, economists Lars Peter Hansen and Steven Levitt, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape.
Athletics
Main article: Chicago Maroons
The athletic logo used by the University of Chicago Maroons

The University of Chicago hosts 19 varsity sports teams: 10 men's teams and 9 women's teams,[124] all called the Maroons, with 502 students participating in the 2012–2013 school year.[124]

The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen.[124] In 1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy. However, the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football.[125] (In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field